The course is offered to musicologists, ethnomusicologists, and composers of instrumental and electroacoustic music; students develop historical and analytical skills at an advanced level, with independence and originality of thought combined with technical skill; the supervised research is normally related in some way to the research interests of a member of staff, including: Medieval and Renaissance song; English Baroque music; Baroque music theory and performance practice; Handel; Beethoven and his contemporaries; music in 19th-century German thought and culture (Mendelssohn; Schumann); 20th-century music; 20th-century symphony; opera; composition; electroacoustic music; ethnomusicology.