Compulsory modules typically include: Ecological survey techniques; environment and habitat assessment field class; GIS and remote sensing; environmental assessment: land and water resources; environmental systems and modelling; sustainable development and environmental change; and a foundation module in quantitative techniques, experimental design and data analysis; optional modules may include: trees: growth, management and environmental impacts; environmental and rural resource economics; soil and water conservation; land reclamation; tropical environments ecology and land use; habitat mapping and resource assessment; environmental impact assessment; pesticides: use and environmental properties; wildlife conservation: policy and practice; and ecosystem management; plus: MSc: research project leading to thesis; diploma: a short library-based dissertation.